The Lebanese Civil War profoundly reshaped national consciousness, exposing underlying sectarian divisions that predate the conflict. How do such divisions influence a nation’s cultural identity during and after times of strife? Throughout Lebanon’s history, religious and ethnic identities have intertwined with political loyalties, shaping cultural expressions that serve as markers of individual and collective identity…

The Lebanese Civil War profoundly disrupted urban development across Beirut and beyond, leaving a lasting mark on the country’s cities. Understanding this impact reveals the complex interplay between conflict, infrastructure, and socio-economic shifts. The destruction wrought during the conflict reshaped urban landscapes, challenging reconstruction efforts and altering population patterns, ultimately influencing Lebanon’s long-term urban resilience…